ื‘ืก״ื“

Kavanot: Know-It-All

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

๐Ÿšง๐Ÿ—๏ธ Page Still Under Construction

ืคืกื•ืง ื“ deals with those who are less intelligent and what they will gain from ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™:โ€Ž ืœืชืช ืœืคืชืื™ื ืขืจืžื”, ืœื ืขืจ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื–ืžื”. Now Shlomo turns to those who are already wise:

ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—; ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืงื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื”

ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื

If the purpose of this ืกืคืจ is to (ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื‘)โ€Ž ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื”, then what will the ื—ื›ื get out of it? The answer is, of course, that no one is ื—ื›ื enough. Part of ื—ื›ืžื” is knowing that you donโ€™t know everything. It is always possible to ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—.

ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื? ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ืฆื˜): ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ืžึฐืœึทืžึฐึผื“ึทื™ ื”ึดืฉึฐื‚ื›ึทึผืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึตื“ึฐื•โ€ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืฉึดื‚ื™ื—ึธื” ืœึดื™.

ืื‘ื•ืช ื“:ื

ื“ืืžืจ ืจืณ ื—ื ื™ื ื: ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื–,ื

Itโ€™s worth looking at the source of that comment, ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื™:

ืฆื— ืžืื™ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื›ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื•ืชืš; ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืƒ ืฆื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื™; ื›ื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื™ืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืƒ ืง ืžื–ืงื ื™ื ืืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ; ื›ื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ืš ื ืฆืจืชื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื™ื˜

It starts with ืžืื™ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื›ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื•ืชืš: we can even learn from those with whom we disagree. We especially learn from those with whom we disagree. Translate ืžืื™ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื›ืžื ื™ not โ€œI am wiser than my enemiesโ€ but โ€œI am wiser from my enemiesโ€.

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื•. ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžืจื”: ืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื›ื™ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•, ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ.

ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื’,ื‘

Here, Beis Hillelโ€™s humility enhanced their understanding. This makes sense. It takes humility to truly listen to what someone else is saying. Egos want to be right. They want to hear their own opinions. Overcoming this to hear another viewpoint expands the mind. Beis Hillel first learned Beis Shammaiโ€™s ideas to their depths. They then returned to what they had originally thought. But now their position was much stronger. It incorporated the understanding they gained from Beis Shammai. Beis Hillel was now on Beis Shammaiโ€™s shoulders, so to speak.

Rabbi Dovid Morris, Mishlei Chapters 1-5: Metaphors for Living. p. 30

Steelmanning is a term that was invented as the opposite of strawmanning, which is a logical fallacy that involves misrepresenting an opponentโ€™s argument in order to make it easier to attack or refute. Strawmanning involves setting up a โ€œstraw manโ€ or a weak and easily defensible version of an opponentโ€™s argument, and then attacking or refuting this straw man rather than the actual argument being made.

Steelmanning, on the other hand, involves presenting an opponentโ€™s argument in the strongest and most accurate possible way, even if this means acknowledging points that may be difficult to refute. The goal of steelmanning is to engage with an opponentโ€™s argument in a fair and respectful manner, rather than misrepresenting or distorting it in order to make it easier to attack.

Will Bachman, Steelmanning

And the wisdom that the ื—ื›ื will acquire is ืœืงื—: it needs to be actively taken.

ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืงืฅ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืงื— ื•ืชืงื— ืื–ื ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื”

Moshe describes the Torah he brings to ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ as ืœืงื—:

ื ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื“ื‘ืจื”; ื•ืชืฉืžืข ื”ืืจืฅ ืืžืจื™ ืคื™ืƒ ื‘ ื™ืขืจืฃ ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืœืงื—ื™ ืชื–ืœ ื›ื˜ืœ ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ืฉืขื™ืจื ืขืœื™ ื“ืฉื ื•ื›ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื‘

The midrash describes Moshe ascending to heaven to get the Torah, and having to forcibly take it from the angels who wanted it to remain purely spiritual.

(ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ ื˜:ื’) ื•ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ื:โ€ฆ(ืชื”ืœื™ื ืกื—:ื™ื˜) ืขึธืœึดื™ืชึธ ืœึทืžึผึธืจื•ึนื ืฉืึธื‘ึดื™ืชึธ ืฉึผืึถื‘ึดื™ ืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืžึทืชึผึธื ื•ึนืช. ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืœืžืจื•ื ื•ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ื™: โ€ืขืœื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™โ€œ. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” ื ื˜ืœื” ื—ื™ื ื? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: โ€ืœืงื—ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืโ€œโ€”ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: โ€ืžืชื ื•ืชโ€œโ€”ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื•.

ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ื—:ื

It may have been a gift, but it required ืœืงื™ื—ื”, active acquiring. Not with money but with effort:

ื•โ€ืœืงื—ื™โ€œ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืขืžืœ, ื•ืžืฉืดื” ื ืงืจื ืžืงื—, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืคืณ ื™ืชืจื•: ืขึธืœึดื™ืชึธ ืœึทืžึผึธืจื•ึนื ืฉืึธื‘ึดื™ืชึธ ืฉึผืึถื‘ึดื™ ืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืžึทืชึผึธื ื•ึนืชโ€ฆืคื™ืณ ืžืงื— ื ืขืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื”. ื•ืขืดื– ืคื™ืณ ื“ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืืœื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืžืฉืดื” ื ืงืจืืช ืœืงื—ื™.

ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘:ื‘

It is harder for learned people to learn than for ignorant people. ืœืชืช ืœืคืชืื™ื ืขืจืžื” is just a gift; ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื is more than listening; it is ืขืžืœ, toil.

ื•ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืœื™: ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช? ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ โ€ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื•โ€œ ื”ืจื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื โ€ื•ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืœื™โ€œ? ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•:ื™ื“

ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืงื ื”

The other wise person whom Shlomo addresses is the ื ื‘ื•ืŸ.

ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ: ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื—ื›ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืชื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื”

The ื ื‘ื•ืŸ doesnโ€™t just know; they understand, deriving new truths from first principles. But such a person needs humility as well, because no human being can understand everything. Even the ื ื‘ื•ืŸ requires heuristics.

A heuristic (hjสŠหˆrษชstษชk; from Ancient Greek ฮตแฝ‘ฯฮฏฯƒฮบฯ‰ (heurรญskล) โ€œto find, discoverโ€), or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem solving that employs a practical method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Examples that employ heuristics include using trial and error, a rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Wikipedia, Heuristic

ืชื—ื‘ืœื•ืช: ืฉืจืฉื• ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืœ, ืฉืงื•ืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ืื• ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื›ื™ื‘ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขืช ืชืจื—ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืคืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืขืฆื” ืื—ืช ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ืจืช.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืช, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื”

And so the ื ื‘ื•ืŸ needs ืžืฉืœื™ื as well. The ืžืฉืœื™ื of ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ are not childish simplifications, but an acknowledgement that the universe is too complicated to analyze completely. We canโ€™t figure out the right way to behave from first principles.

The Vilna Gaon notes that this ื ื‘ื•ืŸ has to โ€œืงื ื”โ€, โ€buyโ€œ, these heuristics. That evokes the Mishna:

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ:โ€ฆื•ืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจ

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื:ื•

ื•ืืžืจ ื™ืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืžืจื• โ€ืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€œ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื”

The Mishna teaches us to put in the needed effort to acquire a true friend. This includes time, money and emotion. We have to view these relationships as precious investments. A friend is crucial because we can bounce ideas off them. Good friends will eb honest with us, but compassionate at the same timeโ€ฆFriends can see things about us that we canโ€™t see ourselves.

Rabbi Dovid Morris, Mishlei Chapters 1-5: Metaphors for Living. pp. 22-23

ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืืžืจื™ ืื™ื ืฉื™: ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืื• ืžื™ืชื•ืชื.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื’,ื

Shlomo continues:

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ืชืืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•

By learning ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™, all four of these: the ืคืชื™, the ื ืขืจ, the ื—ื›ื and the ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, will understand ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”. What is that?

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”: ืขืชื” ื™ื‘ืืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืžืฉืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืžืฉืœ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•

It is what we called before (in Why is a Raven Like a Writing-Desk) the vehicle and tenor; or in my terms the metaphor and metaphee. Both the literal words and the underlying significance are important.

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืคืจืฉ ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืžืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืฉื โ€ืžืฉืœโ€œ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื‘ืŸ ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืœื ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืš ื ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ืžืฉืœ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•

But there is another understanding of ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”: they refer to the two โ€œartsโ€ of language use, poetics and rhetoric. They are use of language to appeal to respectively the heart and the mind. The Maharal doesnโ€™t think we need to study those:

โ€ฆืžื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื:ื—): ื•ึฐื”ึธื’ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืืœ ืกื‘ืจื ื–ืืช ืžืžืกื›ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื˜,ื‘: ืฉืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืณ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืืช ืจืณ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ: ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื”ื•? ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืช? ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื”, โ€ืœื ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื™ืš ื•ื”ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”โ€œ; ืฆื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืช!

โ€ฆื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ โ€ื•ื”ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”โ€œ. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื“ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื“ื”ืชื ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื• ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืื• ืžืฉืœ ื•ืืช ืืœื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“โ€ฆ

ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืš ืืกืจื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฆ ื•ืžื–ื” ื ืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืจืื•โ€ฆ

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

But we clearly need to know how to read. And that involves understanding the ways that authors use language. The gemara says (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’:ื)โ€Ž ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.

If we are reading the text directly, then we are reading it as a text meant to be read, and this introduces the need to read using the tools or literary analysisโ€ฆFor this we have the oft-repeated principle, dibra Torah belashon benei adam. The Torah is literature, divine literature, written not in a special divine language but in the language and style of man.

Rav Ezra Bick, Preface, Torah MiEztion: Bereshit, p. xvi

I call my own derekh ha-limmud a literary-theological approachโ€ฆBy theological, we assert the conviction that Bible is to be encountered as the word of G-d, rather than primarily as the object of academic investigation; we also refer to the authoritative presence of the interpretive tradition. The adjective literary comes to stress that understanding the word of G-d is not only a matter of apprehending propositions, but also of hearing them in their literary and historical contextโ€ฆ

Shalom Carmy, A Room With a View, but a Room of Our Own

And through that study of ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”, we will understand ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ืชื. Part of the mission of ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ is to teach us how to read the Torah, at all levels. And connected to that is the ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, with the interpretations of ื—ื–ืดืœ:

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืดืค ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื•ืชื: ืฉื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื•, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืดื ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ: ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืื’ื“ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืดื ืœื—ื‘ืจื ืื ื ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื”ื ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื– ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•

We have talked many times that ื“ืจืฉ, like ืคืฉื˜, is a matter of hermeneutics. ืคืฉื˜ is reading the Torah with literary eyes, ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”. But ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื•ืชื refers to ื“ืจืฉ means reading the Torah through the eyes of the ืžืกื•ืจื”, the ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. Especially for ืื’ื“ื”, the ื“ืจืฉ on the narrative sections of the Torah, this does not mean that ื—ื–ืดืœ had a ืžืกื•ืจื” that this is what the text intends. It means that ืื’ื“ื” is meant to teach a lesson about values that come from the ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, and values are only taught through stories.

(ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’:ื) ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืขึทืŸ ืžึธื™ึดื: ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื’ื“ื”, ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื“ื”.

ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื“,ื

This is how the Maharal understands ื“ืจืฉ. Aggadah needs to be taken seriously, not literally.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืจืง ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืจืง ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืžื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืจืžื– ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชื•ืจื”.

ื‘ืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืืจ ื’:ื“

ืื ื ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืœื ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืกืชืจื” ื‘ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื•) ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžึธืฉืึธืœ ื•ึผืžึฐืœึดื™ืฆึธื” ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ื“ึนืชึธื.

ื‘ืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืืจ ื“:ื

One example is the Maharalโ€™s understanding of the story of ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” and her maidservants:

ื•ืชืจื“ ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืจื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืืจ ื•ื ืขืจืชื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืืจ; ื•ืชืจื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืชืฉืœื— ืืช ืืžืชื” ื•ืชืงื—ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘:ื”

ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืืจ:โ€ฆื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘,ื‘) โ€ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ื•ึนืชโ€œ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ืชื”, ื›ืžื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”:ืœื‘) ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ืœึธืžื•ึผืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ื”; ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกื™ืขืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื›ืชื‘ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืจื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘:ื”

ื•ื”ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœืžื›ืชื‘ โ€ื•ื ืขืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืื•ืจโ€œ, ื“ืžืื™ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”? ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ื—ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืชืงื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืชืงืจื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื™ ืฉึพ(ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื‘:ื‘) ื”ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฆื•ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื ืกืชืœืง ืžื”ื ื›ื—ื ื•ืžื–ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื—ื•โ€ฆื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื™ืชื•ืจืฅ ืœืš ืžื” ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืœืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืก ืžืคื•ืจืกื.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ ืคืจืง ื™ื–

ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ื‘ืจื ืขืœืžื, ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืชโ€ฆื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉื˜; ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืžื–, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืœ ืจืžื– ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืžื– ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื“ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ืžื–ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืžืื•ืจืข ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉื˜, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืจืข ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ.

ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืคืกื— ื ื‘:ื’

The problem, though, is that without an explicit statement of the lesson, we canโ€™t be sure we are getting it right, which is why (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื:ื—)โ€Ž ืึตื™ืŸ ืžื•ึนืจึดื™ืŸโ€ฆืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื’ึธื“ื•ึนืช.

ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœืช ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืš ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืณ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื’ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื‘ื™ื ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”; ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื ื’ื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ื ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœืœื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืืจืช ืœื ื• (ืžืคื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•) ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.

ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื“, ืขืžืณ 353-354, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื(ื)

So we canโ€™t just read ื—ื“ื•ืชื; we have to start with ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. Shlomo is telling us that learning ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ will give us the sensitivity to see the wisdom of ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ.

ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœโ€ฆื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืขืชืชื, ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ืื ื›ืŸโ€”ืžื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื“ืชื? ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื“ื• ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื’ื“ืชื ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื”. ื”ืจืฉืดื– ืžืงืœื ื ืดืข ืืžืจ: โ€ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–ืดืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื•ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจโ€œ. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืžืจื—ืง ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ื›ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ืขื ืขืฆืžื•โ€”ื™ืื™ืจื• ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื ืดืข, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘โ€ืืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœื™ืŸโ€œ ืœื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืณ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืขืžืณ 32: โ€ืจื‘ื ื• ื–ืดืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•; ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืชื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฆื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€œ.

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืœื‘ื”, ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืขืžืณ ื™ื“

The introductory paragraph ends with the first ืžืฉืœ:

ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืขืช; ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืื•ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื–

Weโ€™ve already discussed this pasuk (in Phronesis and Akrasia), that the ืื•ื™ืœ is the opposite of the ื™ืจื ื”ืณ. They are the ones who may know ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ on an intellectual level but donโ€™t feel it; they have no ื“ืขืช.

ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืกื ืื•ืžืจ: ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืืช ื—ื˜ืื• ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ื›ืžืชื•, ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืžืชืงื™ืžืช. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื›ืžืชื• ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื™ืจืืช ื—ื˜ืื•, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืžืชืงื™ืžืช.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื’:ื˜

ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ: ืขืชื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ โ€ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ื•ื›ื•ืณโ€œ ืจืดืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ืขืช ื™ืงื ื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ, ื›ื™ ื”ืœื ืื•ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืงื ื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื ืžื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืœืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื ื™ื‘ื–ื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืžืืก ื‘ื”?

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื–

In the experience of the love of G-d, in the drive towards oneness with Him, the norm [the law, the Halacha] retreats. However, the consummation of unity with G-d is neither desirable nor possible. Indeed, the identification of G-d with man is blasphemy. The love of G-d is consequently followed by the fear of G-d, which is the consciousness of ontic separationโ€ฆMy task is only to accept and pursue the norm. Therefore, the mitzvot maโ€™assiyot, the practical commandments, can never be eliminated. In a word, fear rehabilitates the norm.

Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik as edited by Lawrence Kaplan, Maimonides: Between Philosophy and Halakhah, pp. 234-235

Once we have internalized the humility of our consciousness of ontic separation from ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, and the humility of our limited intellects, we can start to learn ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™.

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